Fluorescence assays to study structure, dynamics, and function of RNA and RNA-ligand complexes.

With the use of computer-controlled titrators, a rapid amount of data can be taken and accurate values for stability, denaturant m ° values, and Hill coefficients can be obtained over a wide variety of conditions. Hence, CD provides a nice complement to site-resolved methods such as complementary oligonucleotide hybridization, 24 hydroxyl radical footprinting, 25 or chemical modification 26 methods as described in previous folding studies of large ribozymes.